Past Modals: Could Have, Should Have, Would Have

Introduction to Past Modals

Hey there! Today, we’re going to talk about “could have,” “should have,” and “would have”, sometimes called as “modals of lost opportunities.”

These Past Tense Modals can make your English sound more natural and fluent. Don’t worry; We’ll make it simple and fun! Let’s get started.

What are Past Modals?

Past modals are special phrases that help us talk about possibilities, regrets, and hypothetical situations in the past. They can seem tricky at first, but with a bit of practice, you’ll get the hang of them. Let’s break them down.

1. Could Have

What is “Could Have”?

“Could have” is used to talk about something that was possible in the past, but didn’t happen.

Examples:

1. I could have gone to the party, but I was too tired.
(It was possible for me to go, but I chose not to.)

2. You could have told me you were coming!
(It was possible for you to tell me, but you didn’t.)

Practice:

Think of something you didn’t do yesterday but was possible. Complete the sentence:

• “I could have ______, but ______.”

2. Should Have

What is “Should Have”?

“Should have” is used to express a regret or something that would have been a good idea to do in the past, but you didn’t do it.

Examples:

1. I should have studied for the test.
(It would have been a good idea to study, but I didn’t.)

2. She should have called her mom.
(It would have been the right thing to do, but she didn’t.)

Practice:

Think of something you regret not doing. Complete the sentence:

• “I should have ______.”

3. Would Have

What is “Would Have”?

“Would have” is used to talk about a situation that didn’t happen because something else didn’t happen first. It’s often used in hypothetical situations.

Examples:

1. I would have gone to the beach if it had been sunny.
(I didn’t go to the beach because it wasn’t sunny.)

2. They would have arrived earlier if they had left on time.
(They didn’t arrive earlier because they didn’t leave on time.)

Practice:

Think of a hypothetical situation. Complete the sentence:

• “I would have ______ if ______.”

Practice Time!

Let’s try a quick exercise together! Fill in the blanks with “could have,” “should have,” or “would have.”

1. I ______ bought the dress, but it was too expensive.
2. 
   
3. He ______ apologized for being late.
4. 
   
5. We ______ visited you if we had known you were home.

Answers:

1. could have
2. should have
3. would have

Understanding “could have,” “should have,” and “would have” can really improve your English skills. Remember to practice using these phrases in your daily conversations.